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Alma-Ata (Kazakh. Almaty; before 1921 - Verny) is the largest city in Kazakhstan. From 1927 to 1936 the capital of the Kazak ASSR, from 1936 to 1991 the capital of the Kazakh SSR, from 1991 to 1997 the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata was the last capital and largest city of the Kazakh SSR, then became the first capital and largest metropolis of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Despite the loss of the status of the political and administrative capital, the city is the cultural, financial and economic center of the republic and remains the only million-plus city in the country. The city is located at the foot of the Zailiyskiy Alatau mountains in the extreme south-east of the republic and has a peculiar, rather mild climatic regime with a difficult ecological situation.

In June 2007, the city was added to the list of the most expensive cities in the world. [1] Since the late 90s, the city has been experiencing a real economic and investment boom, as well as intensive construction.

Name

In the late Middle Ages, there was a camp of Turkic and Mongolian nomads in this area - Almaty, 1854 - on the site of the Kazakh settlement of Almaty, the Zailiyskoe military fortification was laid, then Vernoe, 1867 - Almaty, 1867-1921 - Verny, from 1921 - Alma-Ata, from 1993 in Due to the renaming in official use by the state authorities of Kazakhstan in Russian and Kazakh languages, the city is called "Almaty". In Russia, the city is still called "Alma-Ata": on August 17, 1995, the Order of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation No. 1495 "On the spelling of the names of states - former republics of the USSR and their capitals" The Russian Federation refers to the former capital of Kazakhstan precisely as "Alma-Ata".

Contrary to the common misconception, “Alma-Ata” is not a derivative of the Kazakh “Almaty” / ɑlmɑˈtə /, which sounds almost like “Almaty” for Russian. This is a completely different name for the city. The myth about the origin of the name from the Kazakh words "alma" / ɑlˈmɑ / (apple) and "ata" / ɑˈtɑ / (grandfather) appeared in an attempt to explain the etymology of the name invented on February 5, 1921 at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan ASSR in the then Verny. [2 ] The name "Alma-Ata", which can be translated as "Yabloko-Ded", is completely meaningless in Kazakh, just like in Russian. The name "Almaty" is translated as "Yablonevy".

On the other hand, in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, long before the Bolsheviks, in an article about Mr. Verny we read [3]:

Verny is a regional city of the Semirechensk region, located on the Almatinka river, ... in 1854 a fortification was founded in V. Russians, often call Verny in the old way - Alma-Ata ... The city of Verny consists of the Alma-Ata stanitsa (the old part of the city), the Alma-Ata settlement, the Tatar settlement and from the New city (own. V.), which arose at the beginning of 1870- x years

Geographical position

The city of Alma-Ata is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, in the southeast of the Republic of Kazakhstan, at 77 ° east longitude and 43 ° north latitude, at the foot of the Zailiyskiy Alatau mountains - the northernmost ridge of the Tien Shan at an altitude of 600 to 1650 meters above sea level ... Gagra and Vladivostok are located on the same latitude as it.

The climate in the city is sharply continental, with large temperature fluctuations not only throughout the year, but also during the day. From a height of less than 600 m, city streets run away to the north, into the steppe, into the semi-desert, running into the hot Kaskalensk Muyunkums. In the southern residential areas at an altitude of 1500-1700 m above sea level in the Medeo tract and on the Kamenskoe Plateau, the breath of glaciers is felt.

The fauna and flora of the Zailiyskiy Alatau is rich and diverse. The outskirts of Alma-Ata are part of the Ile-Alatau National Park, on the territory of which there are nature reserves and a reserve. Many rare birds and animals that live here are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. Among them is the snow leopard, or irbis, which now adorns the coat of arms of Alma-Ata.